French monks, the religious orders of Franciscans, Dominicans and Carmelites came in the 13th c.
The townsmen and the scholars, “the Town and Gown” in the phrase of the time, were two hostile camps, sometimes at war and sometimes allies like at the time of the Civil War (1258-1263).Īll this time the cultural influence of France never ceased. onwards charters were granted to the Universities (in 1209 another University was established in Cambridge) which strengthened their position of independence, sort of autonomy. The scientific revival of the 13th century brought the ideas of Aristotle in the interpretation of a few great thinkers which gave English, that is, Anglo-Norman scholasticism its essential character. It was also a centre of resistance to its stupefying influence. The 12th century was the time when the oldest English University was founded in Oxford (1167) to remain the principal centre of science for centuries, centre of medieval scholasticism, controlled by the church. The development of towns brought about early bourgeois literature, fabliaux borrowed from France with smart sly townsmen getting the better of knights and priests, stories that were far from romantic, often showing coarse tastes and morals. The latter third of the fourteenth century is remarkable for the advent of Geoffrey Chaucer and his contemporaries John Gower, William Langland, and the Gawain poet (the unidentified poet who wrote Sir Gawain and the Green Knight), who were heirs to classical and medieval cultures that had been evolving for many centuries.Īs to the folk-lore of the period, it was oral and therefore little of it has survived though what Langland and Chaucer used later on shows that the folk-lore literature did not languish. they were written in English those that survived the ravages of time and came down to us are such as “Arthur”, “Arthur and Merlin”, “Launcelot of the Lake”, “Morte d’Arthur” and a few others. The poems were in French, only later on, in the 13th and 14th cc. into a hero of feudal knightly literature. King Arthur, hero of the Celtic anti-Saxon struggle of the 6th c., is transformed in the chivalric romance of the 11th-13th cc. The story of the medieval romance focuses not upon love and sentiment, but upon adventure. Many medieval romances recount the marvellous adventures of a chivalrous, heroic knight, often of superhuman ability, who, abiding chivalry's strict codes of honor and demeanor, goes on a quest, and fights and defeats monsters and giants, thereby winning favor with a lady. was chiefly represented by Chivalric poetry, in French at first and later in English, in the form of versified romance. The East India Company in the 17-18th c.English Colonialism and Principles of Foreign Policy.
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLAND DURING THE REFORMATION AND BOURGEOIS REVOLUTION REBUILDING OF LONDON AND OTHER EVENTS DURING THE REIGN OF CHARLES II SOCIAL AND POLITICAL LIFE IN THE MIDDLE AGES THE HISTORY ABOUT THE PARENTS OF THOMAS A BECKET, THE ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY WHAT CHARLES DICKENS WROTE OF THIS CIVIL WAR THE TROUBLED LIFE OF KING ALFRED THE GREAT HOW THE FURIOUS DANES CAME DOWN UPON ENGLAND
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